Will vs Going to

Will vs Going to
Sama kita ketahui bahwa dalam Bahasa Inggris, ada berbagai cara untuk mengatakan “akan”.Diantaranya adalah dengan menggunakan “will” dan “going to”. Ada beberapa perbedaan yang mendasar dalam hal penggunaan kedua kata di atas. Untuk itu, silahkan ikuti penjelasan di bawah ini:
Kalau kita ingin berbicara tentang kenyataan di masa yang akan datang, atau kita percaya bahwa sesuatu itu akan menjadi kenyataan di masa mendatang, maka gunakanlah ‘will’.
* The President will serve for four years.
* The boss won’t be very happy.
* I’m sure you’ll like her.
* I’m certain he’ll do a good job.
Kalau kita tidak yakin, gunakan ‘will’ dengan ekspresi seperti ‘probably’, ‘possibly’, ‘I think’, ‘I hope’.
* I hope you’ll visit me in my home one day.
* She’ll probably be a great success.
* I’ll possibly come but I may not get back in time.
* I think we’ll get on well.
Namun jika kita membuat prediksi di masa mendatang berdasarkan fakta yang ada pada saat sekarang, maka gunakanlah ‘going to’.
* Not a cloud in the sky. It’s going to be another warm day.
* Look at the queue. We’re not going to get in for hours.
* The traffic is terrible. We’re going to miss our flight.
* Be careful! You’re going to spill your coffee.
Kita membuat keputusan mendadak pada saat bicara (tidak ada rencana sebelumnya), maka gunakanlah ‘will’. Namun kalau sudah direncanakan dengan matang, gunakanlah ‘going to’.
* I’ll call Jenny to let her know. Sarah, I need Jenny’s number. I’m going to call her about the meeting.
* I’ll come and have a drink with you but I must let Harry know. Harry, I’m going to have a drink with Simon.

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Would

Would adalah bagian dari modal verb dan diikuti oleh infinitive without ‘to’. “Would” sering disingkat dengan ‘d.
* I’d like to come with you, but I’m busy.
* He’d sit all day watching the people go by.
Would mempunyai banyak sekali kegunaan, seperti:
CONDITIONAL
Would digunakan dalam bentuk Conditional yang berbeda-beda tipe:
2nd conditional
* If I went to China, I would visit the Great Wall.
3rd conditional
* If she had studied harder, she would have passed her exams.
Conditional Campuran
* If he hadn’t missed the bus, he would be here now.
REPORTED SPEECH
Dalam reported speech ‘will’ diganti menjadi would:
* I will be there! She said she would be there.
* I won’t be able to come with you on Saturday. He said he wouldn’t be able to come with us on Saturday.
* Will you do me a favour? She asked if I would do her a favour.
REQUEST & OFFER
Gunakan would untuk menyuruh orang lain melakukan sesuatu:
* Would you do me a favour?
* Would you mind opening the window?
Untuk menawarkan atau mengundang orang lain, gunakan Would you like…?
* Would you like me to get you something while I’m at the shop?
* Would you like to come with me to the cinema?
PAST FUTURE
Fungsi kata “would” pada Past Future adalah “Anda pikir di masa lampau sesuatu akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang”. Contohnya “Kemarin Anda pikir hari ini Presiden Amerika akan datang ke Indonesia. Hari ini pada hari kemarin adalah “future”. Itulah Past Future.
* When she was a teenager she knew she would be rich and famous.
* It was at that moment that I knew they would win the game.
COMMON EXPRESSIONS
Would + like:
Struktur ini digunakan untuk membicarakan sesuatu yang kita ingin lakukan atau tidak ingin kita lakukan:
* Yes, I’d like to go with you.
* I wouldn’t like to be outside now.
Would rather
Struktur ini digunakan untuk menyatakan pilihan:
* What would you rather do: go to the cinema or stay at home for the evening?
* I’d rather be poor and happy than rich and sad.

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Wish

Wish dalam Bahasa Inggris mempunyai beberapa arti dan makna. Di bawah ini akan kami jelaskan secara terperinci tentang jenis-jenis makna dan arti dari “wish”. Semoga penjelasan di bawah ini dapat membantu Anda dalam menggunakan kata “wish” secara baik dan tepat.
Kata wish sama artinya dengan ekspresi “would like”:
* I wish I had a big house = I would like to have a big house.
* I wish I had been there = I would like to have been there.
* I wish you would stop talking = I would like you to stop talking.
* I wish to see the manager = I would like to see the manager.
* I wish you a Merry Christmas = I would like you to have a Merry Christmas.
Fungsi utama dari kata “wish” adalah untuk mengekspresikan penyesalan.
* I wish (that) I weren’t here now.
* I wish (that) I didn’t have to go to school tomorrow.
* I wish (that) I had studied harder when I was at school.
Tenses yang mengikuti wish sama dengan second dan third conditionals. Kata that dapat dihilangkan dalam percakapan tidak resni.
Ekspresi wish … would digunakan untuk membicarakan tentang keinginan agar orang lain melakukan sesuatu:
* I wish you would tidy your room.
* I wish you wouldn’t always come home so late.
Dalam situasi tidak resmi, wish + (object) + infinitive dapat digunakan seperti pemakaian kata “want”:
* I wish to speak to the director.
* Do you wish me to serve refreshments, sir?
* Wish is also used in some fixed expressions:
* I/we wish you a Merry Christmas (and a Happy New Year).
* I/we wish you well/all the best.

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Writing Address

Writing Address
Dalam Bahasa Inggris, jika kita menuliskan sebuah alamat di atas amplop untuk dikirimkan lewat pos, maka jangan gunakan tanda baca apapun. Gunakan Huruf Besar semua
Contoh:
JESSIE SANTANA
4325 W PALM BEACH RD RM 419
SAN FRANCISCO CA 94116
Namun jika kita menuliskan alamat di isi surat, maka gunakanlah tanda baca yang tepat
Contoh:
Please send mail to Jessie Santana, 4325 W. Palm Beach Rd., San Francisco, CA 94116.
CATATAN
Dalam Bahasa Inggris, Road biasanya disingkat dengan RD, dan West disingkat dengan W

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Verb Patterns & Structures

Subject + intransitive verb
Beberapa kalimat hanya memiliki 2 kata, yaitu Kata Benda (Noun) dan Kata Kerja Intransitif, contoh:
* Birds fly.
* Dogs bark.
* Fire burns.
* Time flies.
Subject + transitive verb + direct object
Kata Kerja Transitif harus memiliki minimal 1 buah Objek. Susunan Normal dari sebuah kalimat adalah Subject + Verb + Object.
* John likes milk.
* The principal punished the boy.
* The unruly demonstrators invaded the platform.
* The scoundrels should be given a good thrashing.
* The government should ban all military organizations.
Subject + verb + object + adverb particle
Ada beberapa Kata kerja yang diikuti oleh Particles (Misalnya: put on, take off, give away, bring up, call in). Kadang-kadang Particle tersebut dipisahkan dengan kata kerjanya dan diletakkan setelah Objek Langsung (Direct Object). Contoh:
* John put his hat on.
* They called the doctor in.
* He threw it away.
* You must send them back.
Particle diletakkan setelah Objek apabila Object-nya adalah Personal Pronoun (e.g. him, them, me, us, it) atau Objeknya sangat singkat.
Namun apabila Objeknya panjang maka letakkan Particle tersebut sebelum Objeknya. Contoh:
* The principal gave away the prices.
* He put on an air of innocence.
* We will not throw away anything useful.
* The poor widow had to bring up all three children.
* The sailors put out the fire in the hold of the ship.
* They called in Dr Smith, a famous specialist.
Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
Pola di atas digunakan apabila Objek Tak Langsung (Indirect Object) lebih pendek dari Objek Langsungnya (Direct Object) atau Objek Langsungnya (Direct Object) satu kesatuan makna yang apabila dipisah malah membuat kesalahpahaman. Contoh:
* The president awarded him a gold medal.
* He told us an interesting story.
* The robber dealt the traveler a heavy blow.
* We promised our guide a handsome reward.
* The teacher wished the boys all success.
Subject + verb + direct object + preposition + indirect object
Pola ini digunakan apabila Objek Langsung lebih pendek dari pada Objek Tak Langsung atau apabila Objek Langsungnya adalah satu kesatuan makna yang perlu mendapatkan penekanan makna. Contoh:
* He distributed sweets to all the boys in the class.
* I don’t lend books to anybody.
* She bought a present for her mother.
* She ordered a new dress for herself.
* He made coffee for all of us.
Subject + verb + object + complements
Beberapa Kata Kerja Transitif diikuti oleh sebuah Objek dan Objek Pelengkap. Contoh:
* The people wanted to crown Caesar king.
* They named the baby Christopher.
* You may call it what you will.
* They chose him their leader.
Contoh diatas menunjukkan bahwa Objek Pelengkapnya adalah Kata Benda. Kata Depan “As” atau “for” kadang-kadang digunakan dengan Kata-kata kerja tertentu. Contoh:
* Whom will they chose for their leader?
* I wonder whom they will elect as President.
Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.
* The noise drove him mad.
* He painted the car red.
* We found the house empty.
* We consider the matter very important.
Disini Objek Pelengkapnya adalah Adjectives. Kadang-kadang “to be” diletakkan sebelum Pelengkap. Contoh:
* I consider the plan (to be) unwise.
* Most people supposed him (to be) innocent.
* I knew him to be conscientious.
* They have proved themselves (to be) worthy of our trust.
Subject + be + complement
Kata Kerja “be” diikuti oleh Subject Complement. Subject Complement bisa saja terdiri dari Kata Benda, Kata Sifat, Kata Keterangan atau Frase Kata Keterangan. Contoh:
* He is an engineer.
* They are our friends.
* The play was interesting.
* He is in the next room.
* God is everywhere.
Beberapa Kata Kerja Intransitif juga diikuti oleh Subject Complements.
* She remained a spinster.
* The crowd turned violent.
* That sounds funny.
* I felt miserable.
* He went abroad.
Subject + verb + question word + infinitive
Kata Tanya (Question Word) pada Pola di atas digunakan sebagai Objek Langsung.
* I don’t know where to turn for help.
* We must find out what to do next.
* Let us decide when to start.
* Have you been told where to stay?
* I don’t know how to stop it.
* We must remember where to turn off the main road.
* Do you know what to look for?
Catatan: Salah jika Anda menggunakan ‘What to do?’ (Contoh ke-2) sebagai Pertanyaan. Sebagai Penggantinya, Anda harus gunakan ‘What shall we do?’ atau ‘What is to be done?’
The question word + infinitive can be changed into a noun clause.
* I don’t know where to turn for help. (= I don’t know where I should turn for help. )
* We must find out what to do next. (= We must find out what we should do next. )
* Let us decide when to start. (= Let us decide when we should start. )
Subject + verb + indirect object + question word + infinitive
* I will show you how to manage it.
* Could you tell me where to find a good hotel?
* Someone should teach you how to behave.
* A good dictionary tells you how to pronounce words.
* Please direct me how to get there.
Have (or get) + object + past participle
Pola diatas digunakan untuk menyuruh orang lain mengerjakan sesuatu (Perhatikan pelajaran Causative).
* I must have my shoes mended. (OR I must get my shoes mended.)
* We got our house designed by a famous architect.
* She has had her photographs taken.
* She got her son trained as a mechanic.
The… the… with comparative adjectives
Pola di atas artinya “Semakin…, maka semakin…) Lihat Pelajaran Comparasion (Comparative Degree).
* The less I see him the more I like him.
* The more he reads the less he understands.
* The older we grow the wiser we become.
* The richer one grows the greater one’s worries.
* The higher you climb the colder it gets.
Subject + present perfect + adverbials/complements
* They have lived here since 1960.
* They have lived here for twelve years now.
* The boy has grown enormously in the last two years.
* Has the peon gone to the post office already?
* I have been there this morning.
Verb patterns with present perfect progressive tense
* Alice has been knitting a sweater for her brother.
* The anxious father has been waiting for a call from his son in the US.
* The leaning tower of Pisa has been leaning more and more every year.
* The Americans have been spending billions of dollars on space research.
Verb patterns with the past perfect
* The Prime Minister had visited Moscow before she went to London.
* The visitors had left by the time I reached home.
* The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
* The rebels had already been shot before the UN could intervene.
Be + to-infinitive is also used as a mild form of command.
* Teacher says you are to learn the poem by heart.
* The scouts are to wear their uniforms for the parade.
* Father says you are not to go to the pictures tonight.
Subject + verb + object + infinitive
* Newton saw the apple fall to the ground.
* I watched the servant light the fire.
* We heard her sing a lovely song.
* They made the child drink the milk.
* We saw the criminal break open the door.
* Did you notice anyone come in?
Catatan
Setelah Kata Kerja seperti bid, watch, see, let, make dan hear, gunakan Kata kerja tanpa “to”. Contoh:
* They made me wait. (NOT They made me to wait.)
* He bade me come. (NOT He bade me to come.)
* I saw her light the lamp. (NOT I saw her to light…)
* We heard her sing a song. (NOT We heard her to sing…)
* We watched them play.
* Let him go.

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Penggunaan TO BE "is, am dan are" Bahasa Inggris

Setiap kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris terdiri dari : Pokok Kalimat (Subject) dan Keterangan Kalimat (Predicate). Keterangan kalimat dapat berupa kata benda (Noun), kata Sifat (adjective / adj.) dan kata Keterangan (adverb / adv., baik keterangan tempat maupun keterangan waktu).

Contoh dalam bahasa Indonesia :

Neztra menulis.

Neztra disini merupakan subyek dan tidur merupakan predikat.

Penggunaan To Be diletakkan sesudah subject atau sebelum predicate, dan fungsi dari To Be sendiri adalah sebagai kata bantu.

Subject didalam bahasa inggriss dapat dibedakan menjadi :

INGGRISS	INDONESIA	KETERANGAN
I	Saya	Orang pertama tunggal
You	Kamu	Orang kedua tunggal / jamak
We	Kami / Kita	Orang pertama jamak
They	Mereka	Orang ketiga jamak
She	Dia (Perempuan)	Orang ketiga tunggal
He	Dia (Laki-laki)	Orang ketiga tunggal
It	sesuatu	Orang ketiga tunggal

Contoh Penggunaan To Be pada Kalimat Positive

Pola kalimat positive adalah :

Subject + To Be + Predicate ( Adj. / Noun /Adv.)

 

To Be dalam Bahasa Inggris terdiri dari : “am, is, are”. Penggunaan To Be untuk masing-masing subyek dapat dibedakan menjadi :

SUBJECT	TO BE	PREDICATE
I	Am	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
You	Are	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
We	Are	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
They	Are	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
He	Is	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
She	Is	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
It	Is	Adj. / Noun / Adv.

 

INGGRIS	KETERANGAN	INDONESIA
I am hungry	I = Subject Am = To Be Hungry = Predicate (adj.)	Saya lapar
You are student	You = Subject Are = To Be Student = Predicate (Noun)	Kamu adalah seorang murid
She is in the class now	She = Subject Is = To Be In the class = Predicate (adv. Of place) Now = (adv. Of time)	Dia sedang di kelas sekarang
He is in the library	He = Subject Is = To Be In the library = Predicate (adv. Of place)	Dia sedang di perpustakaan

Contoh penggunaan To Be pada kalimat Negative

Untuk membuat kalimat negative kita hanya perlu menambahkan “not” sesudah “To Be”.

Pola kalimat negative :

Subject + To Be + Not +Predicate ( Adj. /Noun /Adv. )

 

SUBJECT	TO BE	PREDICATE
I	Am + not	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
You	Are + not	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
We	Are + not	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
They	Are + not	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
He	Is + not	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
She	Is + not	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
It	Is + not	Adj. / Noun / Adv.

 

INGGRIS	KETERANGAN	INDONESIA
I am not hungry	I = Subject Am = To Be Hungry = Predicate (adj.)	Saya tidak lapar
You are not a student	You = Subject Are = To Be Student = Predicate (Noun)	Kamu bukan seorang murid
She is not in the class now	She = Subject Is = To Be In the class = Predicate (adv. Of place) Now = (adv. Of time)	Dia tidak di kelas sekarang
He is not in the library	He = Subject Is = To Be In the library = Predicate (adv. Of place)	Dia tidak di perpustakaan

Contoh penggunaan To Be pada Kalimat Interrogative

Kalimat Interrogative merupakan kalimat dalam bentuk kalimat tanya. Untuk membuat kalimat interrogativekita hanya “memindahkan To Be ke awal kalimat”.

Pola kalimat interrogative :

To Be + Subject + Predicate ( Adj. / Noun / Adv. )

 

TO BE	SUBJECT	PREDICATE
Am	I	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
Are	You	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
Are	We	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
Are	They	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
Is	He	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
Is	She	Adj. / Noun / Adv.
Is	It	Adj. / Noun / Adv.

 

INGGRIS	KETERANGAN	INDONESIA
Am  I hungry?	I = Subject Am = To Be Hungry = Predicate (adj.)	Apakah saya lapar?
Are  you a student?	You = Subject Are = To Be Student = Predicate (Noun)	Apakah kamu seorang murid?
Is She in the class now?	She = Subject Is = To Be In the class = Predicate (adv. Of place) Now = (adv. Of time)	Apakah dia di kelas sekarang?
Is He in the library?	He = Subject Is = To Be In the library = Predicate (adv. Of place)	Apakah dia di perpustakaan?

Catatan :

Kalimat Tanya / interrogative selalu dijawab dengan kata “ Yes atau No”. kalimat jawaban dapat berupa jawaban singkat atau dapat juga berupa kalimat lengkap.

Contoh :

PERTANYAAN	JAWABAN	INDONESIA
Is Neztra clever?	Yes, He is. atau Yes, He is clever. No, He is Not. Atau No, He is not clever.	Apakah Neztra Pintar ? Ya, Dia pintar Tidak, Dia tidak pintar
Are you a student?	Yes, I am. Atau Yes, I am a student. No, I am not a student. Atau No, I am not a student.	Apakah kamu seorang murid? Ya, saya seorang murid. Tidak, saya bukan seorang murid.

 

Dalam kalimat positive To Be : is, am dan are penulisannya dapat disingkat dengan menambahkan apostrophe (‘) di antara Subject dengan To Be.

INGGRIS	TO BE DISINGKAT	INDONESIA
I am hungry	I’m hungry	Saya lapar
You are student	You’re student	Kamu adalah seorang murid
She is in the class now	She’s in the class now	Dia sedang di kelas sekarang
He is in the library	He’s in the library	Dia sedang di perpustakaan

 

Akan tetapi apabila To Be berada di akhir kalimat, To Be tidak boleh disingkat.

Contoh :

• Yes, it is.
• Yes, you are.
• Yes, I am.

Penggunaan “Not” dalam kalimat negative dapat juga disingkat dengan To Be : “is dan are”. tetapi penggunaannya hanya untuk percakapan atau tulisan yang bersifat informal ( tidak resmi ), misalkan surat untuk sahabat atau saudara.

Contoh :

He is not smart.
He isn’t smart.
Dia tidak pintar.
They are not in the class now.
They aren’t in the class now.
Mereka tidak di kelas sekarang.

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